The field of medicine targeted at the surgical treatment of the organs within the thorax and the treatment of heart and lung diseases is known as cardiothoracic surgery. Some of the surgical procedures involving cardiac and thoracic surgery are open heart surgery, modern beating-heart surgery, pleurectomy, lung volume reduction surgery, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy, etc. Cardiovascular surgery when performed on children is known as pediatric cardiovascular surgery. Infection constitutes the principal non-cardiac complication from cardiothoracic surgery. Some common infections are mediastinitis, endocarditis cardiac device infection, empyema, infectious myo- or pericarditis, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the area of cardiothoracic surgery. It unravels the recent advances and modern techniques of cardiothoracic surgery. For all readers who are interested in this domain, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.