Materials are substances, either solid or in a condensed phase, that are intended for use for various applications. Materials can either be crystalline or non-crystalline and can be classified as metals, semiconductors, ceramics and polymers. An understanding of the structure of materials and their properties helps to design applications suitable for each class of materials. The structure of materials is investigated at different scales like atomic scales, microscales or nano scales. Modern developments in this field are occurring in the areas of nanomaterials, biomaterials, spintronics, metamaterials, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of materials science. The topics included herein are of the utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.