Microbial ecology studies the interaction of microorganisms with each other, their hosts as well as with the environment. This book on microbial ecology seeks to understand microbial diversity and biogeochemical processes. Microbes are often used for industrial processes such as fermentation, etc. Thus the study of microbes is significant for all areas of science and technology. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about microbial ecology.