Earth science is the study of the planet Earth. It includes different sub-fields namely soil science, physical geography, hydrology, atmospheric science, geophysics, biogeography, mineralogy, sedimentology, etc. It also includes the study about Earth's magnetic field and Earth's atmosphere. The aim of this text is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. It will provide in-depth analysis about the various techniques and concepts used in this subject. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of this discipline.